Abstract
Since its launch, Healthcare 4.0 has made it possible to create and enhance the quality of healthcare services by integrating cutting-edge technologies. We have focused this study on a few of the cutting-edge studies that have the potential to significantly impact advancing healthcare 4.0 systems in the future. We have identified the critical research gaps and introduced the Healthcare IoT Application and Service Stacks, representing the state-of-the-art in contemporary healthcare systems. Additionally, we discussed the most recent paradigm for wireless body area networks and focused on the importance and how advanced technology helps next-generation health applications, such as big data analytics, software-defined networking, blockchain, cloud computing, edge/fog computing, telehealthcare, edge/fog computing, and machine learning. We have conducted a comparative analysis of several architectural implementations, considering their benefits, drawbacks, and needs for quality of service. We greatly emphasize the significance of the various developing technologies, outlining the prospects they present and their ability to improve healthcare solutions and deliver higher-quality services. The primary objective of this chapter is to focus on the fundamentals of establishing security and privacy in the future healthcare system.
TopIntroduction
The healthcare sector has advanced significantly since the days of physically compiling medical data into physical records and entering it into digital health records and telehealth care. This allows physicians to use smart Internet of Things equipment to diagnose and monitor patients remotely in real time. The quality of healthcare services has increased dramatically, and the innovations have improved living standards. They are truly unique and should be acknowledged. Inadequate medical care can have grave consequences for the community. Unreliable healthcare services are caused by unnecessary therapy, erroneous or inconsistent diagnosis, unsafe or incompetent clinical practices, clinical guidelines violations, inadequate infrastructure, a shortage of clinical staff with the requisite training, and doctor prescription errors. (Chanchaichujit et al., 2019; Dhanvijay & Patil, 2019; Tekkeşin, 2019)of these, about 5 million are the result of providing subpar medical care; a lack of access to medical care brings on the remainder of deaths. According to their analysis, the economic effects are much more dire, resulting in a staggering loss of $6 trillion. Inadequate medical care can also lead to avoidable suffering, resource waste, unmanageable medical costs, chronic complaints, loss of function, and diminished confidence in the medical community. More than one million of the 8.6 million deaths that may have been prevented happened because of the inadequate care given to patients suffering from tuberculosis and newborn ailments(Batko & Ślęzak, 2022; Khan & Alam, 2021). As the healthcare sector developed from Healthcare 1.0 to 4.0, innovations in that field also advanced. Technology has a significant impact on improving the services offered in the healthcare industry. Healthcare 1.0 involved doctors manually storing patient health records. Holding the patient's medical history in an electronic format is what Healthcare 2.0 revolutionized. With the advent of Healthcare 3.0, wearable health data was used to advance medical diagnostics (Ahad et al., 2019). It made monitoring health in real-time possible. The emphasis switched to protecting the integrity and privacy of health data with the arrival of Healthcare 4.0. Modern medical wearables were developed to monitor vital signs, including temperature, blood pressure, glucose levels, electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), and many more.