Power Quality Improvement for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Panels Using Direct Power Control

Introduction

The primary source of energy is considered to be fossil fuel. The combustion of fossil fuels produces a large amount of ozone depleting substances, including carbon dioxide, which is the primary cause of global temperature rise and climate warming, causing significant environmental damage. Due to the limited storage of non-renewable petroleum-based energy, the use of sustainable energies such as PV cells, biomass, wind energy, geothermal, and so on has increased significantly in recent years (Meghni et al. 2017a,b,c; Shalaby et al., 2021; Ghoudelbourk et al., 2016, 2020, 2021; Kamal et al., 2020; Ammar et al., 2019a; Lalouni et al. 2009; Li et al. 2009). Because greenhouse gases are not emitted during renewable energy consumption, it can reduce the risk of the greenhouse effect while also effectively reducing non-renewable energy consumption.

Photovoltaic technology is one of the fastest developing renewable resources due to its abundant availability of solar lighting and lack of negative environmental impacts. Because of advancements in power electronic devices, the demand for energy produced by photovoltaic systems is increasing significantly (Qahouq and Jiang. 2014; Naidu and Singh, 2014; Rajendran et al., 2013; Bouafia et al., 2010). Photovoltaic cells have numerous advantages, including the absence of noise, pollution, and contamination, as well as low maintenance requirements, making them increasingly popular (Melit et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2017; Amara et al., 2018, 2019a,b; Pilla et al., 2020, 2019). Photovoltaic (PV) technology is now used in a wide range of applications, which can be divided into two categories: autonomous PV systems and network-connected PV systems (Parida et al., 2011).

In remote areas where the association is expensive, autonomous photovoltaic systems with a bank of batteries are used for energy storage (Salas et al., 2006). In contrast, for grid-connected photovoltaic systems, the photovoltaic panels are linked to the utility network without using the battery bank to the extent that the accessible PV control is routed to the electricity grid (Jain and Agarwal. 2007).

The power generated by photovoltaic panels is typically measured using barometric conditions (sunlight and its irradiance or its temperature). Thus, in order to obtain the highest PV production value for a given working situation, a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is used to improve control of the PV module's operating point (Ben Smida et al., 2018; Kamal and Ibrahim, 2018). A variety of MPPT algorithms, such as Hill-Climbing, Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance, intelligent MPPT methods, fractional order MPPT methods, and many others, have been proposed in the literature for improving the competence of the solar system (Joshi and Arora, 2017; Subudhi and Pradhan. 2013; Kamal and Ibrahim, 2018). On the other hand, advancements in power electronics have resulted in the widespread use of non-linear loads, which has resulted in a slew of issues such as harmonics, current disturbance, and so on, which have been introduced into the electrical network. Harmonics reduce power efficiency, power factor, and losses, as well as causing electromagnetic interference with nearby communication correspondence lines and other undesirable outcomes (Li et al., 2009).