Optimization of PID Controller: A Brief Overview

Definition

A control system is a combination of equipment that manages, organizes, directs, or regulates the actions of other devices or systems in order to achieve a specific goal (Bongiorno & Park, 2020; Kondratenko & Chikrii, 2019). A control system does this by using control loops, which are procedures designed to keep a process variable at a specific set point. We can also define it as a system, which controls the output to produce the desired response. A control system involves sensors, actuators, reference input, and the system itself. The process or plant to be controlled is called the system, whereas the sensor converts the physical signal to an electrical signal. The actuator converts the control signal to a power signal.

Figure 1.

Block diagram of a control system

Control systems are divided into two categories:

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  Open Loop Control System: an open loop control system is a type of control that ignores the reaction of the system. The system, on its own, is unable to produce the desired output and is unable to account for disturbances. Adjust changes in output case in these systems by manually updating the input. In principle, such control is to be used with caution if the system is naturally unstable.

Figure 2.

Open-loop control block diagram

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  Close Loop Control System: in this type, the input depends on the generated output of the system. In another meaning, the response of the system controls the input applied to the system. This control is obtained through the output generated by using a feedback path. The variation in inputs according to the output produces a more accurate system. Therefore, an open-loop control system can be converted into a close loop control system by providing feedback. This system makes suitable changes to keep control despite the disturbance.

Figure 3.

Closed-loop control block diagram