Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: The Other Side of the Disease

Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: The Other Side of the Disease

Bilal El-Mansoury, Abdelali Ben Maloui, Ahmed Draoui, Youssef Ait Hamdan, Mjid Oukhrib, Kamal Smimih, Abdessamad Elmourid, Abdelaati El Khiat, Samira Boulbaroud, Iman Meftah, Miloud Hammoud, Redouane Chatoui, Said Sabir, Halima Gamrani, Arumugam Radhakrishnan Jayakumar
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 21
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5156-4.ch003
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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder considered the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide of which neuroprotective therapies are not yet available. PD is known mainly by its cardinal motor symptoms which are believed to be associated with dopamine deficiency in the nigrostriatal pathway as a result of DAergic neurons degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. However, other brain structures degenerate (non-dopaminergic abnormalities) in PD resulting in other symptoms known as non-motor symptoms (NMS). NMS and non-DAergic abnormalities are sometimes present before diagnosis and almost inevitably emerge with the disease progression. Hence, they might play a tremendously important role in the management and sometimes even the diagnosis of PD. This chapter will provide an overview on the neuropathobiology of NMS in PD.
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Spectrum Of Non-Motor Symptoms In Pd

It is well known that the clinical diagnosis of PD is typically based on the presence of the classical motor symptoms of the disease. However, PD is a multisystem disorder with a wide range of NMS (Jellinger, 2015), which are significant predictors in determining patients QOL of and rates of institutionalization as well as overall disability (Swick, 2012). Most of these symptoms can be present before the onset motor symptoms (Zesiewicz, 2019). Indeed, there is a prodromal phase (prior to the motor symptoms) which is initially asymptomatic and as the neurodegeneration progresses, it causes NMS that will worsen the evolution of the disease (De Virgilio et al., 2016 ; Draoui et al., 2020).

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