The Roles of Device Ownership and Infrastructure in Promoting E-Learning and M-Learning in Indonesia

Literature Review

From a learning science perspective as summarized by Sawyer (2005), the history of educational technology that can be traced down back to the 1950s shows that by the 1990s, people in many countries were racing to get computers into schools and to provide students access to the Internet. However, many found themselves disappointed by the limited impact of all this huge investment a decade later. Cuban (2001) argues that this failure was mainly due to lack of learning science foundation in technology use as it was rather used as simple and quick add-ons to the existing classroom settings that happened to, still, utilize mostly direct instruction strategies. Things like getting all the latest technology in class without preparing the teachers with any necessary skills to use or to integrate them within the curriculum are the recipe for such failure.