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Top1. Background
The term “supply chain management” introduced in the late 1980s and came into widespread use in the 1990s. Supply chains embrace the companies and the business activities needed to plan, source, produce, distribute, and use products or services. The Supply chain is the configuration of firms that convey products or services to market that contains of all phases involved in fulfilling a customer request (Ganeshan, et al., 1995).
Supply chain management includes activities such as marketing, finance, new product development and customer service and other interrelated issues. According to Christopher, (1998) in a wider interpretation of supply chain philosophy takes along a systems approach to understanding and managing the diverse activities required to organize the flow of products or services to best work for the final customer. In other words, the important but the challenging subject of the supply chain management comes it insights the whole chain as a single object.
The central philosophy of the supply chain management is the fact that the non-existence of the single company stands by itself as it is self-produced (from raw material), distributor, or retailer to the end customer. One of the indicators of effective supply chain management is the degree of synchronization of the companies in the chain and its ability to be flexible according to the pattern of the end customer. The behaviour and demand pattern of the end customer is dynamic because of many observable realistic factors. For example, information technology created tremendous choices with respect of quality, price and time for the end customers which of course make every business activity to become stochastic. Therefore, designing supply chain management under condition of known and foreseeable demand for the end customer turn out to be so hazardous to achieve its goals (Sakun, et al., 2011).
A supply chain management strategy commonly is held as thorough presentation of the conceptions and techniques of planning, and operation across the chain. According the DuPont analysis the task of supply chain management is intensified amount while simultaneously reducing both inventory and operating expense. Furthermore, the formulation of supply chain management is assigning the coordination and the control of production, location, inventory, transportation and information. Therefore, supply chain management entreaties more rigorous and deep analysis of the system under conditions of uncertainty (Chopra, et al., 2001).
The main motivation of this paper is the uncertainty of the end customer demand. The theory of supply chain management suggests that a successful flow of material has to be supported by the flow of appropriate, on time, reliable, consistent information. Proper information flow across the supply chain has need of the coordination of the companies in the supply chain. However, knowledgeably or unintentionally the companies in the supply chain have shown negative ideology towards coordination. In literature we can find the concept about the Bullwhip effect which is one of the effects of the lack of coordination across the supply chain. A very small change in the pattern of demand from the end customer can amplify unnecessary accumulation of inventories in the upstream of the supply chain. So, this paper tried to show how the Bullwhip effect attack the supply chain using ANOVA, Spectrum density estimation, Autoregressive-Moving average with exogenous input and the Cochrane-Orcutt autoregression models.