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Various systems of health care are being developed to promote cure. Healthcare is experiencing a transformation and becoming more knowledgeable with the advancements in technology and connectivity. People are moving towards smart healthcare having qualities of reliability, quality and cost effective over traditional healthcare setup which are sluggish, requiring frequent hospital visits, which can often lead to disease severity.
Smart healthcare has expanded in the field of electronic and mobile health as stated by across the enterprise resource planning systems (Spinellis, D., 2017). Data obtained from mobile are fed into devices along with algorithms and turn it into customized knowledge about the healthcare.
Many problems related to these innovations need to be discussed with regard to the functioning of smart healthcare systems on the Internet, portable solutions, data exchange and many more.
However, it was envisaged that communication technologies would play a far greater role for the stakeholder, as reported, to be reliable, faster, and of high quality (Hossain, M. S., Xu, C., Li, Y., Bilbao, J., & El Saddik, A., 2018)
Worldwide, there are already many smart healthcare solutions which have been successful and visionary in contributing the needs-friendly tools and services. A remote, Internet of Things (IoT)-based surveillance system in which patients can be monitored for any emergency conditions at home was recorded (Park, K., Park, J., & Lee, J, 2017). Emergency room model has been developed (ER) for patient benefit (Rojas, E. et al, 2017). Authors have used tweets to track healthcare information (Kuang, S., & Davison, B. D., 2017) and focused on the emotional aspect and proposed a study EEG signals were used to detect human emotions (Li, Y., Huang, J., Zhou, H., & Zhong, N., 2017). It's incredible to know that technology needs are growing with advancements and mobility.
A method was proposed for the diagnosis as well as treatment of diabetes called “5G-Smart Diabetes (Chen, M. et al., 2018). It needs contact to monitor the physical and physiological health of the distant patient. Smart healthcare solutions are highly beneficial if health issues such as diabetes is widely distributed.
People with diabetes also experience eye-related complications such as corneal defects, glaucoma, neovascularisation of the iris and neuropathies. However, the harmful of them all is diabetic retinopathy (DR), which also results in vision loss. Diabetic retinopathy can affect the region of the retina known as macula, and with the progression of the disease the odds of this occurring increase manifold. Clinically speaking, DR includes changes in the blood vessels resulting in bleeding or leaking fluid and distort vision. Early treatment can slow down the rate of damage, and can avoid vision loss in some cases. Early therapy is important because once the complete vision is lost, it is unlikely to be recovered. DR frequently goes unnoticed before vision loss occurs; thus, routine dilated eye tests are recommended in patients with diabetes. The hallmarks of protecting against vision loss are early detection, prompt diagnosis and adequate follow-ups.
Statistics indicate that DR leads the charts of preventable blindness (Mohamed, Q., Gillies, M. C., & Wong, T. Y., 2007). DR affects (4.8 per cent) of the world's population, according to a UN survey. It was estimated that half of DR-patients who do not seek timely care continues to have more chances of being blind over the next five years (Verma, L., Prakash, G., Tewari, H. K., Gupta, S. K., Murthy, G. V., & Sharma, N., 2003) whereas the early identification and prompt care reported by authors can save 98 per cent of DR patients their visual loss (Glasson, N. M., Crossland, L. J., & Larkins, S. L.,2016). It's mostly believed by the experts in the field that loss of vision is an inevitable phenomenon and is permanent as it progresses. Recently a study told that less than half of the Australian and American population can afford appropriate diabetic screening as compared to those living in rural areas who don’t have proper ophthalmology services. (McKay, McCart, and Taylor, 2000) estimated that 36 percent of patients with diabetes never had an eye exam and Taylor et al. estimated that only 20 percent of patients with diabetes had an annual eye exam.