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Top1. Introduction
On the cusp of a new era, a technological revolution is transforming our lives at breakneck speed, profoundly changing the ways we work, learn, and even live together. With the increasingly sophisticated use of megadata, artificial intelligence (ai) is growing exponentially and finding new applications in an ever-increasing number of sectors, including security, the environment, research and education, health, culture, and commerce (khamis et al., 2022, 2021; inbarani et al., 2020, 2018, 2014a,b,c,d, 2015a,b; aziz et al., 2013a,b,c; azar et al., 2020, 2017, 2012; jothi et al., 2022, 2020, 2019a,b, 2017, 2013; nasser et al., 2021; fouad et al., 2021; samanta et al., 2018, elbedwehy et al., 2014; mukherjee et al., 2014).